 Below is a step-by-step description of how our first experimental earthbag dome was created. We called this dome "Riceland," after the brand name printed on the polypropylene rice bags that were used to build it. The interior diameter is 14 feet (4.3 meters).
This prototype dome could serve as a model for emergency shelters, cabins, studios, garden sheds, etc. It should work well in earthquake-prone areas and places subject to flooding, winds, and hurricanes. It could be used as quick housing for people made homeless by natural disasters, such as in Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, and El Salvador.
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Level the Site
First you want to select a building site for the dome that is well-drained, where water will not tend to collect. Then you can mark the very center of where the dome will stand with a stake that will remain there until the dome is near completion. Using a string or rope attached to this stake as a radius (in this case 7 feet plus an extra 2 feet...or 9 feet...just under 3 meters), mark the perimeter to be leveled. Using a shovel and a level, clear the area of debris and get the circular area more or less level. |
Dig the Perimeter Trench
In areas where heavier soils might not drain well, it is important to create a rubble trench foundation for the dome. This helps keep moisture from wicking up into the bag wall, as well as keeps the wall from "heaving" if the ground freezes. Using the same center stake, mark the interior circle of the wall and also the exterior circle (this depends on how wide your bags are.) Also mark where the entrance will be located, allowing enough space for a door and its wooden or steel frame. Note that this entrance footing jogs inward to support the vertical door once the dome slopes inward.
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Fill the Trench with Cobbles
Gather, or have delivered, the rubble to fill the trench with. This can be small stones, gravel, or "urbanite" (broken up concrete debris). You will notice that this trench was lined with a wire mesh. I did this because our soil is a loose sand that would easily cave in and fill the voids of the rubble, but this is likely not necessary with most soils.
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How High to Fill the Trench?
This depends on whether you want to recess the first row (or rows) of bags into the trench or not. We laid the first row of bags at ground level. In situations where flooding or earthquakes might occur, it may be advantageous to recess the bags into the ground, so that even if the soil surrounding the dome is undermined, the dome itself would likely not be affected.
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What Kind of Bag to Use?
We used standard 50 pound misprinted polypropylene rice bags, which can be purchased in bales of 1,000 each. If you are going to fill the bags with loose material, it is pretty much imperative to use the poly bags, because they are stronger and will not deteriorate once they are plastered. If you intend to fill the bags with an adobe or stabilized material, then burlap or other natural materials for the bags may work, because once the wall has set up, the strength of the bag is not so important. The 50 pound size of bag is about right for most applications; the wall will be about 15 inches (38 cm) thick when plastered. If you have larger bags, they might be used at the base, and if you have smaller bags, they might work near the top of the dome. It is also possible to use poly tubing that can be purchased in great rolls, but I prefer the individual bags for several reasons: 1) the bags are cheaper 2) one person can do the work 3) each bag is quite light...about 35 pounds (16 kg) when filled with scoria, and 4) with the seam at the base of the bag, it tends to stay where it is put, whereas the tubing has a tendency to roll, especially when filled with loose material.
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Filling the Bags
Now the bags can be filled with whatever material you decide to use for this. We used a locally mined, crushed volcanic rock (called scoria) because it is lightweight and highly insulating. You might be able to use the local soil from your site, especially if you live where the climate is fairly moderate, or if you don't intend to inhabit the structure. I say this because just soil alone doesn't provide insulation. Other possible insulating materials include rice hulls or perlite. Note that the rice bag is being held open with a large steel funnel (part of a chicken feeder). Leave about 8 to10 inches (20-25 cm) of space at the top of the bag to allow this to be folded over when the bag is placed on the wall to seal the contents in. We used two bags (one placed inside another) on the first course to help protect the bags from rupture on any sharp rocks. |
Laying the Bags
Using the trench as guide, place the first row of bags down over the rubble in a neat row. It is important to carefully place each bag so that the folded-over flap at the top lays snugly against the bottom of the previously laid bag, so that each bag gets completely sealed. Also, note that before each bag is placed, a piece of polypropylene twine (about 5 feet long...1.5 meters) can be put below it to eventually tie around two courses above the bag.
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Tamping the Bags
Once a course of bags is placed, it should be thoroughly tamped to make the fill material as compact as possible, so that the dome walls don't settle much as the wall proceeds. I used a variety of methods and tools for doing this, from simply stomping on the bags with my shoes to using homemade tampers. My favorite tamper is pictured here. It is quite heavy, which means that even though it takes work to lift it, you don't have to put as much muscle into the down-stroke. Also, the base of this tamper is about as wide as the bag is, so one tamp will cover the entire width of the bag. |
Placing barbed wire
As the courses proceed, the other important element is that two strands of 4-point barbed wire should be spaced about 4 inches (10 cm) in from each side of the bags. This can be weighted into place with bricks or stones until covered with the next course of bags. The barbed wire has two functions: 1) it helps lock the bags together and 2) it helps resist any tendency for the wall to expand outward with the weight from above. This wire should be placed between every course as the wall goes up. |
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Adding more Courses
The first several courses will be placed pretty much vertically, above each other. The bags should overlap in a brick-like pattern (running bond) as the wall goes up. This makes for stronger bonding of the wall. You can see that the poly twine from two courses below the top course has been tied at the top to also create a more integrated wall and to give the eventual plaster something positive to grip onto. |
Measuring Where to Place the Bags
A simple way to create a stable shape for the dome is to use a pole that is exactly the length of the interior diameter (14 feet, 4.3 meters in this case) as a guide. If you place the pole at the bottom of the perimeter and then pass it through the vertical line marking the very center of the dome, the end of this pole will describe an appropriate arc for the shape of the dome. This works up to loft level (about 8 feet 2.5 meters high), and then the upper part of the dome is best kept as an actual cone shape, using a 30/60 degree right triangle as a guide. A simple tripod guide can be erected above loft level to help place the bags. Doing this assures that none of the bags are corbelled inward too abruptly, and also gives the loft more head room.
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Continue to Part II |
